How much of the Mexican agricultural supply is produced by small farms, and how?

The contribution of small farms to the global food supply is in debate due to lack of empirical evidence. In Mexico, small farms have been relatively important for national food supply due to an agrarian reform in the first half of the 20th century, but their role has been decreasing in the last decades. The aim of this study is to quantify how much small farms produce of the Mexican agricultural supply, and with which farming practices, using the 2019 National Agricultural Survey. The results show that small farms produce 19% of the national agricultural production with similar farming practices to those of medium and large farms. When considering imports and exports, small farms produce 15% of the national agricultural supply. The production of small farms consists mainly of cash crops (e.g. sugar cane, fruits & vegetables, animal products, fodder crops) and, to a lesser extent, staple crops such as maize and beans. The fact that small farms produce one fifth of the national production after decades of governmental support towards large farms suggests that they have resilient production systems. The results of this study support that stronger efforts should be made to enhance the role of small farms in achieving Mexican food sovereignty. This will not only have benefits in terms of food supply but may also have a wide range of social and environmental benefits.

Assessing the Nutrient Adequacy in China's Food Supply from 1965 to 2018.

Nutritional intake has important impacts on human health. A sufficient supply of nutrients is required to ensure high-level nutrition in a population. Assessment of nutrient supply adequacy can help to develop evidence-based policies and thereby promote public health. This study estimates the supply adequacy of nutrients in China's food system from 1965 to 2018 at the national level, aiming to reveal whether the supply of nutrients meets the demand. The results show that the nutrient supply in China's food system has experienced a sharp increase in the past five decades, and the deficiency in nutrient supply has been greatly mitigated. Although most nutrients such as potassium are already sufficiently supplied in China's current food system, some nutrients, especially calcium and zinc, still need a further enlarged supply to improve the nutrition condition of the Chinese population. Besides encouraging a healthy diet, supply-side regulation, e.g., fortification and enrichment, is also needed to improve nutrient availability. This study helps people better understand the development and current situation of nutrient adequacy in China's food supply, thereby providing information and implications for policymakers.

A quantitative analysis of intensification in the ethnographic record.

The intensification of food production plays a central role in the evolution of complex human societies. However, it is unclear whether the standard model of intensification is theoretically or empirically justified. This leaves social scientists unable to make reasonable inferences about the relationship between intensification and the evolution of social complexity in past societies. To remedy this problem, I derive a model of intensification from human macroecology, settlement scaling theory, human behavioural ecology, cultural evolutionary theory and niche construction theory. The standard and cultural niche construction models are formalized and their predictions are tested using a comprehensive ethnographic dataset that describes food production in 40 human societies, ranging in complexity from foraging bands to agricultural states. Analysis of the ethnographic record suggests that we reject the standard model and tentatively accept the cultural niche construction model. I attempt to demonstrate the broader utility of the cultural niche construction model as a framework that may help explain the transition from small-scale to large-scale complex societies.

A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture.

The sustainability of aquaculture has been debated intensely since 2000, when a review on the net contribution of aquaculture to world fish supplies was published in Nature. This paper reviews the developments in global aquaculture from 1997 to 2017, incorporating all industry sub-sectors and highlighting the integration of aquaculture in the global food system. Inland aquaculture-especially in Asia-has contributed the most to global production volumes and food security. Major gains have also occurred in aquaculture feed efficiency and fish nutrition, lowering the fish-in-fish-out ratio for all fed species, although the dependence on marine ingredients persists and reliance on terrestrial ingredients has increased. The culture of both molluscs and seaweed is increasingly recognized for its ecosystem services; however, the quantification, valuation, and market development of these services remain rare. The potential for molluscs and seaweed to support global nutritional security is underexploited. Management of pathogens, parasites, and pests remains a sustainability challenge industry-wide, and the effects of climate change on aquaculture remain uncertain and difficult to validate. Pressure on the aquaculture industry to embrace comprehensive sustainability measures during this 20-year period have improved the governance, technology, siting, and management in many cases.

Stunting Rates in a Food-Rich Country: The Argentine Pampas from the 1850s to the 1950s.

Little is known about the effects of malnutrition rates in the long-run. Applying the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization, this study estimates stunting rates for Argentine adult males from the 1850s to the 1950s. We use five large samples of army recruits, prison inmates, militiamen, and electoral records totaling 84,500 cases. These samples provide information about height in Buenos Aires province and the Pampa region, the most fertile, food-producing area of the country. As the study shows, estimated stunting rates remained stable from the 1850s to the 1880s and then declined persistently until the 1950s. The total decline was substantial: if fell from 15.3% in the 1870s to 5.6% in the 1940s, then stagnated. In this 95-year period, stunting rates went from "medium" to "low" levels in the WHO classification of malnutrition intensity. At the end of our study period (the 1950s) the Pampa's malnutrition rate was only 3.5 to 4 percentage points above contemporary estimates for well-developed economies in Europe and North America. A significant expansion in the region's production of grains and beef (food availability), combined with a sustained decline in infant mortality (increased health) were probably the two main underlying factors of this long-tern reduction in malnutrition. Yet, this association remains to be determined.

Impacts and Echoes: The Lasting Influence of the White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health.

The 1969 White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health had a significant influence on the direction of food and nutrition policy in the United States. The conference produced recommendations leading to federal legislation and programs to alleviate hunger and malnutrition, improve consumers' nutrition knowledge through education and labeling, and monitor the nutritional status of the population. Fifty years later, its legacy was revisited at a conference convened by Harvard University and Tufts University. This article reviews the literature contributing to the first author's keynote speech at the conference, its influencers, and its influences. We focus on the highlights of five domains that set the stage for the conference: the social environment, the food environment, nutrition science, public health data, and policy events. We briefly describe the conference, its proposed directions, and its lasting legacy in these five domains.

La alimentación en la España contemporánea a través del NO-DO / Food in contemporary Spain through NO-DO newsreel

El NO-DO, programa semanal creado como un servicio de difusión de obligatoria exhibición en los cines españoles durante la dictadura franquista, constituye el mayor fondo histórico audiovisual para la historia contemporánea de España durante el siglo XX. El análisis y el estudio de estos noticiarios y documentales ilustran, de forma paralela a la evolución política y socioeconómica de aquel momento, cómo tuvo lugar el proceso de transición alimentaria y nutricional. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal analizar y reflexionar acerca de la imagen que el NO-DO ofrecía a la población española sobre el ámbito de la nutrición y el desarrollo de las distintas tendencias en la alimentación de esta época. Para la elaboración de este estudio, se elaboró una amplia lista de descriptores propios de la disciplina de la nutrición y la alimentación de modo que sirviera como herramienta para la búsqueda de referencias recogidas tanto en los noticiarios como en los documentales, a través del buscador de la web del archivo online del NO-DO que se incluye en los fondos de la Filmoteca Española. Realizada la búsqueda y aplicados los criterios de exclusión, atendiendo a la temática de estudio, se analizaron un total de 169 noticiarios y 5 documentales. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos permitió una revisión general de esta época a través del proceso de transición nutricional que vivió el país en estas décadas (1943-1981)

The NO-DO, a weekly projection of the Franco regime, created as a diffusion service of obligatory exhibition in Spanish cinemas, constitutes the greatest audiovisual historical background for the contemporary history of Spain in the 20th century. The analysis and study of these newsreels and documentaries illustrate parallel to the political and socioeconomic evolution of that time, how the process of food and nutritional transition took place. The main objective of this work was to analyse and reflect on the image that these newsreels and documentaries offered to the Spanish population on the field of nutrition and the development of the different tendencies in the diet of this period. In order to carry out this study, an extensive list of descriptors specific to the discipline of nutrition and food was drawn up so that it could serve as a tool for searching for references collected both in newsreels and in documentaries, through the web search engine of the NO-DO on-line archive that is included in the Spanish Film Library's collection. Once the search was carried out and the exclusion criteria were applied, according to the subject of the study, there were analysed a total of 169 newsreels and 5 documentaries. The analysis of the results obtained allowed a general review of this era through the process of nutritional transition that the country experienced in these decades (1943-1981)

[A convergence of "adequate" and "healthy": an analysis of the notion of adequate and healthy diet in public policies in Brazil]. / A confluência entre o "adequado" e o "saudável": análise da instituição da noção de alimentação adequada e saudável nas políticas públicas do Brasil.

Since the turn of this century, quality of diet is no longer described only as "healthy", but also as "adequate", in the scope of Brazilian public policies for food and nutrition and for food and nutrition security. These notions have been developed and defended socially and historically and have undergone expansions and redefinitions over time. The study proposed to analyze how the expression "adequate and healthy diet" was established in Brazil. We performed a document analysis, aimed at elucidating the conceptual development of the two terms in the Brazilian context. Institutional documents were analyzed, such as original texts from the fields of food and nutrition security and food and nutrition. A transition was observed in the way of conceiving healthy eating in the field of food and nutrition, previously focused on nutrient composition. We are currently experiencing an expanded understanding of the notion of diet, based on the debate to overcome the focus on foods' nutritional composition and including an understanding of a fundamental human right, as well as the understanding of sociocultural and affective issues in eating and issues of environmental sustainability in food production based on food production models oriented by agroecological and food sovereignty principles. The article argues that the combination of the two expressions reflects the effort to incorporate the understandings and debates in the fields of food and nutrition security and food and nutrition as regards the polysemous notion of eating.

No âmbito das políticas públicas brasileiras para alimentação e nutrição e para segurança alimentar e nutricional, a partir da virada do século XXI, observa-se que a alimentação deixou de ser adjetivada somente como "saudável" e passou também a ser referida como "adequada". Essas noções vêm sendo construídas e defendidas socio-historicamente e passando por ampliações e ressignificações ao longo do tempo. Propôs-se neste estudo analisar como se instituiu a expressão "alimentação adequada e saudável" no Brasil. Foi realizada uma análise documental tendo em vista elucidar o desenvolvimento conceitual dos termos em questão no contexto brasileiro. Foram analisados documentos institucionais, a exemplo dos textos originais dos campos da segurança alimentar e nutricional e da alimentação e nutrição. Observa-se uma transição no modo de pensar a alimentação saudável no campo da alimentação e nutrição, antes centrada no estatuto do nutriente. Atualmente, tratamos de uma compreensão ampliada sobre a noção de alimentação, que a partir do debate sobre a superação do foco no componente nutricional dos alimentos, inclui a compreensão sobre um direito humano fundamental, bem como a compreensão sobre as questões socioculturais e afetivas do comer e sobre as questões da sustentabilidade ambiental da produção de alimentos com base em modelos produtivos pautados em princípios agroecológicos e da soberania alimentar. Argumenta-se que a combinação entre as expressões é representativa do esforço em aproximar as compreensões e os debates dos campos da segurança alimentar e nutricional e da alimentação e nutrição no que se refere à polissêmica noção de alimentação.

En el ámbito de las políticas públicas brasileñas respecto a alimentación y nutrición, así como seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, tras la entrada en el siglo XXI, se observa que la alimentación dejó de ser denominada solamente como "saludable", y se pasó también a referirse a ella como "adecuada". Estas nociones han sido construidas y defendidas socio-históricamente y han pasado por ampliaciones conceptuales y resignificaciones a lo largo del tiempo. En este estudio se propuso analizar cómo se instituyó la expresión "alimentación adecuada y saludable" en Brasil. Se realizó un análisis documental, teniendo como meta elucidar el desarrollo conceptual de los términos en cuestión dentro del contexto brasileño. Se analizaron documentos institucionales, como por ejemplo, trabajos originales en los campos de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y de la alimentación y nutrición. Se observa una transición en el modo de concebir la alimentación saludable en el campo de la alimentación y nutrición, antes centrada en la composición de los nutrientes. Actualmente, existe una comprensión más amplia sobre la noción de alimentación, a partir del debate sobre su superación cuando se centraba en el componente nutricional de los alimentos, que incluye la inclusión de un derecho humano fundamental, así como de cuestiones socioculturales y afectivas que conlleva comer, además de razones de sostenibilidad ambiental en la producción de alimentos, conforme a modelos productivos orientados sobre principios agroecológicos y de soberanía alimentaria. Se argumenta que la combinación entre las expresiones es representativa del esfuerzo para aproximar las interpretaciones y los debates de los campos de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y de la alimentación y nutrición en lo que se refiere a la noción polisémica de alimentación.

Producing food in English and Welsh prisons.

Most prison food research focuses on aspects of consumption rather than production yet farming, horticulture and gardening have been integral to the prison system in England and Wales for more than 170 years. This paper explores the interplay between penological, therapeutic and food priorities over the last fifty years through an examination of historical prison policies and contemporary case studies associated with the Greener on the Outside for Prisons (GOOP) programme. Findings are discussed in relation to how joined-up policy and practice can impact positively on whole population health and wellbeing within and beyond the prison setting.

Temporal Trends in Apparent Food Consumption in Bangladesh: A Joinpoint Regression Analysis of FAO's Food Balance Sheet Data from 1961 to 2013.

We analyzed the temporal trends and significant changes in apparent food consumption or availabilityin Bangladesh from 1961 to 2013. Due to the lack of a long-term national dietary intake dataset, this study used data derived from the FAO's food balance sheets. We used joinpoint regression analysis to identify significant changes in the temporal trends. The annual percent change (APC) was computed for each segment of the trends. Apparent intake of starchy roots, eggs, fish, vegetables, milk, and vegetable oils significantly has increased (p < 0.05) in the Bangladeshi diet since 1961; whereas cereals changed by merely 4.65%. Bangladesh has been experiencing three structural changes in their dietary history after the Liberation War, though the intake level has been grossly inadequate. Initially, since the late-1970s, apparent vegetable oils intake increased at a market rate (APC = 7.53). Subsequently, since the early-1990s, the real force behind the structural change in the diet has been the increasing trends in the apparent intake of fish (APC = 5.05), eggs (APC = 4.65), and meat (APC = 1.54). Lastly, since the early 2000s, apparent intakes of fruits (APC = 20.44), vegetables (APC = 10.58), and milk (APC = 3.55) increased significantly (p <0.05). This study result reveals and quantifies the significant secular changes in the dietary history of Bangladesh from 1961 to 2013. Bangladesh has experienced inadequate but significant structural changes in the diet in the late-1970s, early-1990s, and early-2000s. Overabundance of cereals and inadequate structural changes in the diet may have caused the increasing prevalence of overweightness and emergence of diet-related, non-communicable diseases in Bangladesh.

[Evolution of information about feeding and nutrition. Challenges for and by the consumer]. / Evolución de la información relacionada con la alimentación y la nutrición. Retos de adaptación para y por el consumidor.

INTRODUCTION: In today's society has a much disposal information, -the people have never had access to as much information or as many ways and means of communication as we do now-, we take for granted what foods and drinks are good for our health thanks to the transmission of information over the centuries, which has been through observational data and, more recently, also through analytical data based on scientific-technical research, although in some cases opinions are still issued based on observational rather than analytical data, when the latter many times they correct the first ones. We must also locate in our environment and our customs and all this will provide us with a better knowledge about the influence of nutrition and eating habits and lifestyle in health, including more and more the behavioral model as a basic axis for nutrition and dietetic sciences. What premises can we use to analyze: how was this transmission of information and knowledge in food and eating habits in previous times? From what ways and forms was transmitted information about the characteristics of food some citizens to others? intuition or everything based on experiences and observational data? were there substantial changes in periods prior to this large distribution of food and beverages that exists today…?

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la sociedad actual, con toda la información que tenemos a nuestro alcance -nunca hemos tenido acceso a tanta información ni a tantas vías y formas de comunicación como ahora-, damos por hecho qué alimentos y bebidas son buenos para nuestra salud gracias a la información transmitida durante siglos y obtenida por datos observacionales y, más recientemente, también por datos analíticos basados en la investigación científico-técnica, aunque en algunos casos sigan emitiéndose opiniones basadas más en datos observacionales que en analíticos, cuando los últimos en muchas ocasiones corrigen a los primeros. Toda esta información, incluso internacional, también debemos ubicarla en nuestro entorno y en nuestras costumbres, y todo ello nos proveerá de un mejor conocimiento sobre la influencia de la nutrición y de los hábitos alimentarios y el estilo de vida en la salud, incluyendo cada vez más el modelo comportamental como un eje básico en la nutrición y en la dietética. Pero ¿qué premisas podemos utilizar para analizar? ¿Cómo era esa transmisión de la información y el conocimiento en la alimentación y los hábitos alimentarios en épocas anteriores? ¿A partir de qué vías y formas se transmitía la información sobre las características de los alimentos de unos ciudadanos a otros: intuición o todo basado en experiencias y datos observacionales? ¿Hubo cambios sustanciales en periodos anteriores a esta gran distribución de alimentos y bebidas que existe hoy en día…?

[Nutrition and gastronomy in the Basque Country]. / Nutrición y gastronomía en el País Vasco.

INTRODUCTION: For centuries the traditional ingredients of food patterns in Basque Country were millet, chestnuts, cabbage, beans, lentils, fish, pork and beef especially, as well as a variety of fruits such as apples, pears and grapes. Later, the potato replaced chestnuts, corn replaced millet and beans replaced broad beans. In addition, tomatoes and peppers added to the vegetable repertoire. Cocoa also found great acceptance from the eighteenth century and the consumption of cider, especially among seamen, played a very important role in the prevention of scurvy. During the nineteenth century, the rise of industrialization led to important social changes and in food habits. The great romantic travelers and their stories contributed to the diffusion of uses and customs, among others, those related to culinary preparations and eating habits. Later, the growing interest in thermal baths also attracted visitors from France, Germany, Italy or Great Britain to the Basque Country, sometimes accompanied by their chefs and servants, who brought with them their own culinary practices to the Basque kitchens and restaurants. From 1977 and inspired by the Nouvelle cuisine, the new Basque cuisine emerged led by great chefs such as Juan Marí Arzak and Pedro Subijana, who soon brought together a large group that has led the current Basque cuisine to internationally recognized excellence. The new tendencies coexist with the cult to traditions and to specific forms of conviviality around the food: txokos and gastronomic societies; pintxos, pintxopote and cider houses.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Durante siglos, los ingredientes tradicionales de la alimentación en el País Vasco fueron el mijo, las castañas, la berza, las habas, las lentejas, el pescado y los mariscos y modestas cantidades de carne de cerdo y de ganado vacuno, sobre todo, además de frutas como manzanas, peras y uvas. Más tarde, la patata desplazó a las castañas, el maíz al mijo y las alubias a las habas, además de incorporar tomates y pimientos al repertorio de hortalizas. El cacao también encontró una gran aceptación a partir del siglo xviii, y el consumo de sidra, especialmente entre los marinos, desempeñó un papel muy importante en la prevención del escorbuto. Durante el siglo xix, el auge de la industrialización conllevó importantes transformaciones sociales, y también en la alimentación. Los grandes viajeros románticos y sus relatos contribuyeron a la difusión de usos y costumbres, entre otros, los relacionados con las preparaciones culinarias y los hábitos alimentarios. Poco más tarde, el creciente interés por los baños termales atrajo también hacia el País Vasco viajeros procedentes de Francia, Alemania, Italia o Gran Bretaña, acompañados en ocasiones por sus cocineros y sirvientes que acercaron prácticas culinarias de sus lugares de origen a las cocinas y restaurantes vascos. A partir de 1977, e inspirada en la denominada nouvelle cuisine, emerge la nueva cocina vasca de la mano de grandes cocineros como Juan Marí Arzak y Pedro Subijana, que pronto aglutinarán a un nutrido grupo de profesionales que han llevado a la actual cocina vasca a la excelencia reconocida internacionalmente. Las nuevas tendencias y restaurantes con estrellas o soles conviven con el culto a las tradiciones y a formas específicas de convivialidad en torno al alimento: txokos y sociedades gastronómicas; pintxos y pintxopote; sidrerías y tabernas de nuestra tierra verde.

Nutrición y gastronomía en el País Vasco / Nutrition and gastronomy in the Basque Country

Durante siglos, los ingredientes tradicionales de la alimentación en el País Vasco fueron el mijo, las castañas, la berza, las habas, las lentejas, el pescado y los mariscos y modestas cantidades de carne de cerdo y de ganado vacuno, sobre todo, además de frutas como manzanas, peras y uvas. Más tarde, la patata desplazó a las castañas, el maíz al mijo y las alubias a las habas, además de incorporar tomates y pimientos al repertorio de hortalizas. El cacao también encontró una gran aceptación a partir del siglo xviii, y el consumo de sidra, especialmente entre los marinos, desempeñó un papel muy importante en la prevención del escorbuto. Durante el siglo xix, el auge de la industrialización conllevó importantes transformaciones sociales, y también en la alimentación. Los grandes viajeros románticos y sus relatos contribuyeron a la difusión de usos y costumbres, entre otros, los relacionados con las preparaciones culinarias y los hábitos alimentarios. Poco más tarde, el creciente interés por los baños termales atrajo también hacia el País Vasco viajeros procedentes de Francia, Alemania, Italia o Gran Bretaña, acompañados en ocasiones por sus cocineros y sirvientes que acercaron prácticas culinarias de sus lugares de origen a las cocinas y restaurantes vascos. A partir de 1977, e inspirada en la denominada nouvelle cuisine, emerge la nueva cocina vasca de la mano de grandes cocineros como Juan Marí Arzak y Pedro Subijana, que pronto aglutinarán a un nutrido grupo de profesionales que han llevado a la actual cocina vasca a la excelencia reconocida internacionalmente. Las nuevas tendencias y restaurantes con estrellas o soles conviven con el culto a las tradiciones y a formas específicas de convivialidad en torno al alimento: txokos y sociedades gastronómicas; pintxos y pintxopote; sidrerías y tabernas de nuestra tierra verde

For centuries the traditional ingredients of food patterns in Basque Country were millet, chestnuts, cabbage, beans, lentils, fish, pork and beef especially, as well as a variety of fruits such as apples, pears and grapes. Later, the potato replaced chestnuts, corn replaced millet and beans replaced broad beans. In addition, tomatoes and peppers added to the vegetable repertoire. Cocoa also found great acceptance from the eighteenth century and the consumption of cider, especially among seamen, played a very important role in the prevention of scurvy. During the nineteenth century, the rise of industrialization led to important social changes and in food habits. The great romantic travelers and their stories contributed to the diffusion of uses and customs, among others, those related to culinary preparations and eating habits. Later, the growing interest in thermal baths also attracted visitors from France, Germany, Italy or Great Britain to the Basque Country, sometimes accompanied by their chefs and servants, who brought with them their own culinary practices to the Basque kitchens and restaurants. From 1977 and inspired by the Nouvelle cuisine, the new Basque cuisine emerged led by great chefs such as Juan Marí Arzak and Pedro Subijana, who soon brought together a large group that has led the current Basque cuisine to internationally recognized excellence. The new tendencies coexist with the cult to traditions and to specific forms of conviviality around the food: txokos and gastronomic societies; pintxos, pintxopote and cider houses

Infrastructures of taste: Rethinking local food histories in Lithuania.

Lithuania hosts a diversity of places that offer consumers a taste of local food, which appear to mirror the recent popularity of local and alternative food initiatives globally. In this paper we show that the proliferation of local foods in the region is not a novel phenomenon, nor is it solely a manifestation of taste preferences or identities associated with food. Drawing on the growing scholarly work on the role of infrastructures in mediating social, economic and political relations, we conceptualize the taste for local food as embedded in broader networks and reproduced through material facilities. To advance this argument, our empirical analysis shows how the infrastructure for local food has been fostered, transformed, threatened, but never eradicated during: the Soviet policies that supported subsidiary agriculture and market infrastructures; neoliberal market reforms in the 1990s that made public markets into mainstays for farmers and consumers; and EU accession that brought more stringent regulations and subsidies. Our research demonstrates that today's taste for local foods in Lithuania is neither a local nor global phenomenon, but an outcome of historical processes that foregrounded the formation of smallholder agriculture, direct sales, and self-provisioning practices in the region. More broadly, our research shows how local food persists as an integral part of a broader agro-food infrastructure.

History and challenges of Brazilian social movements for the achievement of the right to adequate food.

The historical struggles that Brazil faced to overcome malnutrition coincided with the empowerment of civil society and social movements which played a crucial role in the affirmation of health and food as social rights. After two decades under military dictatorship, Brazil went through a redemocratization process in the 1980s when activism emerged to demand spaces to participate in policy-making regarding the social agenda, including food and nutrition security (FNS). From 1988 onward institutional structures were established: the National Council of FNS (CONSEA) convenes government and civil society sectors to develop and monitor the implementation of policies, systems and actions. Social participation has been at the heart of structural changes achieved since then. Nevertheless, the country faces multiple challenges regarding FNS such as the double burden of disease, increasing use of pesticides and genetically modified seeds, weak regulation of ultra-processed products, and marketing practices that affect the environment, population health, and food sovereignty. This article aims at examining the development of the participatory political system and the role played by Brazilian social movements in the country's policies on FNS, in addition to outlining challenges faced by those policies.

A confluência entre o "adequado" e o "saudável": análise da instituição da noção de alimentação adequada e saudável nas políticas públicas do Brasil / A convergence of "adequate" and "healthy": an analysis of the notion of adequate and healthy diet in public policies in Brazil / La confluencia entre lo "adecuado" y lo "saludable": análisis de la noción de lo que se considera alimentación adecuada y saludable en las políticas públicas de Brasil

No âmbito das políticas públicas brasileiras para alimentação e nutrição e para segurança alimentar e nutricional, a partir da virada do século XXI, observa-se que a alimentação deixou de ser adjetivada somente como "saudável" e passou também a ser referida como "adequada". Essas noções vêm sendo construídas e defendidas socio-historicamente e passando por ampliações e ressignificações ao longo do tempo. Propôs-se neste estudo analisar como se instituiu a expressão "alimentação adequada e saudável" no Brasil. Foi realizada uma análise documental tendo em vista elucidar o desenvolvimento conceitual dos termos em questão no contexto brasileiro. Foram analisados documentos institucionais, a exemplo dos textos originais dos campos da segurança alimentar e nutricional e da alimentação e nutrição. Observa-se uma transição no modo de pensar a alimentação saudável no campo da alimentação e nutrição, antes centrada no estatuto do nutriente. Atualmente, tratamos de uma compreensão ampliada sobre a noção de alimentação, que a partir do debate sobre a superação do foco no componente nutricional dos alimentos, inclui a compreensão sobre um direito humano fundamental, bem como a compreensão sobre as questões socioculturais e afetivas do comer e sobre as questões da sustentabilidade ambiental da produção de alimentos com base em modelos produtivos pautados em princípios agroecológicos e da soberania alimentar. Argumenta-se que a combinação entre as expressões é representativa do esforço em aproximar as compreensões e os debates dos campos da segurança alimentar e nutricional e da alimentação e nutrição no que se refere à polissêmica noção de alimentação.

Since the turn of this century, quality of diet is no longer described only as "healthy", but also as "adequate", in the scope of Brazilian public policies for food and nutrition and for food and nutrition security. These notions have been developed and defended socially and historically and have undergone expansions and redefinitions over time. The study proposed to analyze how the expression "adequate and healthy diet" was established in Brazil. We performed a document analysis, aimed at elucidating the conceptual development of the two terms in the Brazilian context. Institutional documents were analyzed, such as original texts from the fields of food and nutrition security and food and nutrition. A transition was observed in the way of conceiving healthy eating in the field of food and nutrition, previously focused on nutrient composition. We are currently experiencing an expanded understanding of the notion of diet, based on the debate to overcome the focus on foods' nutritional composition and including an understanding of a fundamental human right, as well as the understanding of sociocultural and affective issues in eating and issues of environmental sustainability in food production based on food production models oriented by agroecological and food sovereignty principles. The article argues that the combination of the two expressions reflects the effort to incorporate the understandings and debates in the fields of food and nutrition security and food and nutrition as regards the polysemous notion of eating.

En el ámbito de las políticas públicas brasileñas respecto a alimentación y nutrición, así como seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, tras la entrada en el siglo XXI, se observa que la alimentación dejó de ser denominada solamente como "saludable", y se pasó también a referirse a ella como "adecuada". Estas nociones han sido construidas y defendidas socio-históricamente y han pasado por ampliaciones conceptuales y resignificaciones a lo largo del tiempo. En este estudio se propuso analizar cómo se instituyó la expresión "alimentación adecuada y saludable" en Brasil. Se realizó un análisis documental, teniendo como meta elucidar el desarrollo conceptual de los términos en cuestión dentro del contexto brasileño. Se analizaron documentos institucionales, como por ejemplo, trabajos originales en los campos de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y de la alimentación y nutrición. Se observa una transición en el modo de concebir la alimentación saludable en el campo de la alimentación y nutrición, antes centrada en la composición de los nutrientes. Actualmente, existe una comprensión más amplia sobre la noción de alimentación, a partir del debate sobre su superación cuando se centraba en el componente nutricional de los alimentos, que incluye la inclusión de un derecho humano fundamental, así como de cuestiones socioculturales y afectivas que conlleva comer, además de razones de sostenibilidad ambiental en la producción de alimentos, conforme a modelos productivos orientados sobre principios agroecológicos y de soberanía alimentaria. Se argumenta que la combinación entre las expresiones es representativa del esfuerzo para aproximar las interpretaciones y los debates de los campos de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y de la alimentación y nutrición en lo que se refiere a la noción polisémica de alimentación.

From plant immunity to food security: an interview with Ksenia Krasileva.

Ksenia Krasileva is an Assistant Professor at UC Berkley, studying innate immunity in plants. Ksenia's work combines plant genomics and plant-microbe interactions with new technologies, spanning basic studies and translational research in agriculture. In this interview Ksenia shares her experience with research and leading a lab, as well as thoughts on innovations in publishing.

Ptolemaic military operations were a dominant factor in the spread of Egyptian cults across the early Hellenistic Aegean Sea.

Early in the Ptolemaic era, Egyptian cults, particularly those of Isis and Sarapis, spread successfully to ports across the ancient Aegean Sea. Leading researchers in the field claim that the spread of these cults was influenced by multiple factors, ones that were mainly economic or political in character. However, the question of which factors had more weight or impact than others in the process of the early spread of Egyptian cults has not yet been answered in academic discussion. This could be related to the fact that the issue of the spread of religious innovations in the ancient Mediterranean has been addressed mainly by established historiographical methods such as the collection and critical analysis of archaeological and literary sources. Hypotheses and conclusions derived from these methods are, however, often unable to reflect the complexity of historical processes. A possible solution can be found in supplementing this established methodological apparatus by formalized methods, e.g. the coding of relevant datasets, statistics, geospatial modeling, and network analysis. To be able to compare the possible impacts of different factors on the spread of Egyptian cults in the Aegean Sea region, we 1) constructed a model of the ancient maritime transportation network as a platform for quantitative analysis, 2) transformed selected factors of possible influence into georeferenced parameters of the network, and 3) defined a mathematical model that allowed us to determine which parameters of the network explain the spatial dissemination of archaeological evidence connected to Egyptian cults. The results suggest that the most significant correlation is between the placement of Ptolemaic garrisons and the distribution of Egyptian temples and artefacts in the early Hellenistic Aegean Sea region. The interpretation would be that Egyptian military forces potentially played a significant role in the spread of Egyptian cults.

Holocene fluctuations in human population demonstrate repeated links to food production and climate.

We consider the long-term relationship between human demography, food production, and Holocene climate via an archaeological radiocarbon date series of unprecedented sampling density and detail. There is striking consistency in the inferred human population dynamics across different regions of Britain and Ireland during the middle and later Holocene. Major cross-regional population downturns in population coincide with episodes of more abrupt change in North Atlantic climate and witness societal responses in food procurement as visible in directly dated plants and animals, often with moves toward hardier cereals, increased pastoralism, and/or gathered resources. For the Neolithic, this evidence questions existing models of wholly endogenous demographic boom-bust. For the wider Holocene, it demonstrates that climate-related disruptions have been quasi-periodic drivers of societal and subsistence change.